Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty Coursework

Murder of Westerman as a Catalyst of the American Civil War Cruelty - Coursework Example The union of Southern slave states was named as the Confederate States of America, and this partnership was an aftereffect of withdrawal of slave states from the Northern American States. There are numerous books that have portrayed the ruthless and huge occasions of Civil War; in any case, Tony Horwitz’s book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War is an extensively proper and effective book where Horwitz has portrayed the occasions in contemporary and individual setting. In depicting the Civil War Horwitz composed that, â€Å"Historians are partial to stating that the Civil War happened in 10,00 spots. Jab a pin in a guide of the South and you're probably going to goad lose some fight or conflict or another tuft of Civil War history† (Horwitz 18). The narrating obtained by the creator enlightens the criticality and effect of the Civil War in contemporary American Society (3-27).In the Civil War, the homicide of Michael Westerman who was a s upporter of confederates is considered as one of the most huge occasions which had escalated the Civil War. This paper will talk about the occasion of the death of Westerman, and it will likewise explain the happenings in light of this homicide. It is likewise intended to depict the social and enthusiastic explanations behind the homicide of Westerman alongside reasons which increased the war after the homicide of Westerman in the light of Horwitz portrayal in his book Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War.Michael Westerman was during an excursion with his significant other Hannah soon after she brought forth twin youngsters. Westerman was driving a red pickup truck on which a confederation banner was mounted. He was in Todd County which is an area situated in Kentucky. Kentucky was not declaredly a piece of Confederation States of America; be that as it may, there were numerous noteworthy likenesses present in the direct of Kentucky with the goals of C onfederation States. Westerman halted at a corner store for topping off the fuel in his vehicle. At the corner store, there was a gathering of dark youngster who saw the Westerman’s vehicle with a confederation banner mounted on it which the gathering of dark American adolescents considered as an offense (89-91). The Confederation banner was viewed as hostile as a result of the belief system of racial imbalance that the Confederation States followed. Westerman was trailed by the gathering of dark young people who badgering him out and about a few times. Westerman sped up his vehicle to get away from the experience with the gathering of young people. Westerman didn't realize that he was being pursued by another vehicle driven by dark young people. When the vehicle drew close to Westerman's vehicle, a youngster shot a slug on his vehicle. The discharge focused on Westerman, and he was killed in the street in Kentucky (90-93). Horwitz figuratively shows the force and ruthlessnes s of common war alongside his enthusiasm for it by expressing, â€Å"The War’s real scene was lavish with shading and beauty† (15).

Discipline and Corporal Punishment

Flogging by definition is the conscious curse of physical agony as an arrangement of evolving conduct. Flogging may comprise of strategies, for example, shaking, squeezing, kicking, punching, slapping, hitting, agonizing body stance, or utilization of various articles, for example, sticks, belts and oars (National Association of School Nurses, 2002, p. 1). Previously, flogging was a method of restraining youth and youngsters in the school setting.At present, a few States in America have sanctioned enactment forbidding whipping in schools. Then again beating has been an acknowledged method of censure that few guardians decide to coordinate into their lives without giving a cautious thought. The method of discipline can begin whenever however is for the most part started inside the beginning of the child’s grade school (Mathews, 2006, p. 1). The physical punishments can be endured right until the youngster develops mature enough to leave or be independent.This sort of revision i s simply torment, which has been utilized for quite a long time is as yet a startling and upsetting frequency in a few families today. Dr. Murray Straus of the University of New Hampshire Family Research Laboratory uncovered that flogging: when routinely forced to youngsters it expands their solitary conduct, for example, tormenting, cheating, taking, lying, ambushing friends or kin, and absence of contrition for incorrect doings (The Center for Effective Discipline, n.d. ); gives as a model to rough conduct and for ill-advised methods of managing difference among the rebuffed youngsters; dissolves trust between a kid and parent; and seriously impacts psychological advancement of the kid. Flogging isn't attractive for the explanation that it builds the danger of youngster misuse and grown-ups who were much of the time hit during their youth are probably going to encounter misery and other unconstructive psychological well-being and social effects.This type of discipline can negative ly affect the influenced kids as it identifies with their physical and mental development and wellbeing, as they are at a time of delicate mental limit. At long last, beating isn't attractive in light of the fact that youngsters are qualified for security, care and great raising from their folks and instructors. Grown-ups ought to comprehend the centrality of perceiving remedial order rather than altogether inconvenience of beating in teaching children.Because children’s capacity to control their own conduct is constrained, restorative order is a significant attribute of satisfactory child rearing for the explanation that it produces the best preventive advances, which is diminishing the event of offense, and not dispensing with it (Straus, Fauchier, 2007, p. 5). Restorative control fuses positive notwithstanding disciplinary practices, and blends of the two. Decision Corporal discipline has a solid chance to impact the child’s mental self portrait and add to fierce an d problematic behaviours.However, the training stays a usually utilized strategy for discipline in most American families is as yet lawful in instructive establishments in a few States in America. The advancement of social aptitudes after the curse of whipping might be seriously changed, prompting combative practices. The burden of beating likewise progresses the message that remorselessness is an adequate type of conduct in the general public. Unmistakably, whipping isn't alluring and compelling in upholding discipline among kids.

Reviews of the Television Version of the Sound of Music Essay

First things first the television show Sound Of Music that was broadcasted in December 5th 2013 and was broadcasted on national televison channel called NBC the producers name was Craig Zadan and Neil Meron , the special had a cool cast such as a Carrie Underwood who stared in this show as Maria von Trapp. It was performed and televised live all over the country from a film studio in Bethpage , New York. The history of the show was very interesting so far and how they had famous actors such as Carrie Underwood , although there was criticism directly to Carrie Underwood who was casting in the show as Maria , many said that Carrie did not have much experience to play such a big role as Maria. It was said before that critics described†¦show more content†¦Woah thats a lot of von Trapps you might say well there is a lot of them. Not just that but also there is credits to be credited including Rob Ashford and Beth Mccarthy-Miller as directors. So many cast members you also might say , but on September 16 , 2013 , NBC revealed the full cast of the special. Want to know a little bit more about the history well in The Sound Of Music Live was broadcasted live from a stage in Bethpage , New York in about a budget of 9 million dollars which was not much you may think but one of the producers named Zadan considered it to be one of the profoundly complicated , amazing experiences weve ever had Zadan said. If you didnt know before The Sound Of Music Live was aired as part of a push by NBC to air more live entertainment specials. As it was said before that the Sound Of Music was broadcasted among programs such as Sunday Night football , the show got in those rankings of views which is incredible ; the sound of music was watched by 18.62 million viewers and had a 4.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic it was one of the most viewed shows that was programmed at night. Another topic that would be interesting to discuss would be on the sponsorships that The Sound Of Music recieved by big companies that are seen in every corner and city. This sponsorship must of helped a lot because this company is well known. The place that helped a lotShow MoreRelatedThe Sound of Music And The Sound of Music Live!731 Words   |  3 PagesThe Sound of Music is one of the most favorite musical film movies of all time. The movie was first introduced to the audience in 1965, and it received popular attention from the public and five Academy Awards including Best Picture. The movie’s plot revolves around Maria, a young woman who has to leave the convent to become a governess at the Von Trapp family due to a request from the head nun. During the time at the Von Trapp’s house, Maria finds her affection grows bigger every day with the sevenRead More Videogames and Violence Essays1391 Words   |  6 Pagesouter space, an event that was to forever change life on our planet. The release of Space Invaders for the Atari Video Computing System became an instant hit. Kids stopped listening to music, playing sports or going to movies, choosing instead to defend the nation from alien attack, from the safety of their television sets. The success of Space Invaders launched the video game revolution as the demand for personal game consoles soared (Atari). Videogames soon became the preferred leisure activity forRead MorePride and Prejudice, directed by Joe Wright1305 Words   |  6 Pages For those that enjoy romantic costume dramas set in England, the 2005 film version of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice starring Kiera Knightley and Mathew MacFadyen is the perfect movie to watch on a rainy day while sitting in a comfy chair, sipping hot tea, with a plate of biscuits nearby. Director Joe Wright’s and screen writer Deborah Moggach’s film â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† brings a romanticized slant to the world of the Bennet’s where the main dilemma facing the family is what to do with fiveRead MoreMagazine Review of Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesMagazine Review of Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Imagine that you are writing a review of Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet for a magazine aimed at English teachers. Concentrating only on the first ten minutes of the film, explain its possible appeal to 14 year olds and how the director has adapted Shakespeares play. Finally explain whether you would recommend it to be used in the classroomRead MoreThe Creative Process Of Making A Film1252 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped and turned into a treatment, an outline, and after several drafts, a completed screenplay. 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Marketing Plan - Phase Iii - 1843 Words

Marketing Plan Ââ€" Phase III Introduction Wal-Mart s third phase of its marketing plan to market and sell furniture in the new Wal-Mart furniture stores will describe the attributes of its product and services in greater detail than in the first two phases presented by Team B. Furthermore, the third phase will describe the pace at which Wal-Mart s newly proposed product line will move through the product life cycle as well as the factors that will likely impact its movement. Team B will be laying out the product life cycle and the impact it has on the marketing of the product. This paper will identify the positioning and differentiation strategies for Wal-Mart furniture stores. Additionally, the paper will identify the appropriate†¦show more content†¦Realization of profits on products in the introduction stage is highly unlikely. Products at this stage have to be carefully monitored to ensure they start to grow in the market and generate sales (Tutor2U [TU], n.d., 1). Team B believes the Wal-Mart name will help in troduce Wal-Mart furniture stores into the market. The growth stage of Wal-Mart Furniture is characterized by rapid growth in sales and profits. Profits arise due to an increase in output (economies of scale) and possibly better prices. Because this product will be introduced into the market at the competitive Wal-Mart prices, Team B believes that Wal-Mart furniture can capture a significant portion of the market. The main purpose of this stage is to persuade customers to buy the product and retain the customers throughout the product life cycle. The growth stage is typically when competition develops. Competition can erode the company s market share. Marketing efforts in the growth stage tend to focus on product differentiation and expanded distribution (Kerin, Berkowitz, Hartley Rudelius, 2006). As the industry slows down and sales decline, the product enters the maturity stage. Fewer new buyers are entering the market and costs to obtain new buyers increases. Team B believes tha t with the Wal-Mart name and existing market base, sales will maintain at fairly steady pace, with new customers regularly entering our specificShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan: Phase Iii2489 Words   |  10 PagesMarketing Plan: Phase III Paper Marketing MKT 421 April 21, 2008 Marketing Plan: Phase III Paper A clear vision and strategy has been developed for Gatorade’s new energy drink the Drive Energy Drink. With that said, the next step to developing the product is to determine the attributes, the product life cycle, and positioning and price strategy of the product. Knowing the right look and feel of the drink can increase sales and use of the product. 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Receivables Management on Profitability †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Receivables Management on Profitability. Answer: Introduction Financial analysis focus on evaluating financial position of the company. It is done with the use of final accounts of the company which are prepared at the end of the financial year. This analysis shows the profitability, efficiency, liquidity and overall fianc structure of a company. This report is all about the critical examination of the performance and position of the two companies which are Microsoft and Oracle. A comparative analysis of the financial position of these two companies is done to know which company is more profitable and efficient form investors point of view (Vogel, 2014). Microsoft Corporation is a multinational information technology company. It is an America based company whose founder is Bill Gates and Paul Allen. It manufactures, licenses, and sells a wide range of software products and services. Its known software products are Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office Suite and Internet Explorer. It also designs and sell hardware devices such as Xbox, Windows phone and so on (Microsoft.com, 2017). Oracle Corporation is a computer technology corporation which basically deals in developing database software, cloud engineered systems and enterprise software products. It is considered to be the largest software developer after Microsoft and is also amongst Microsofts main competitors. Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Qates are the founders of this corporation. Oracle Applications, Oracle database, servers are some products produced and deliver by the corporation (Oracle.com, 2017). In this report, Ratio analysis of the final accounts of both the companies is done so to let the investors know about the better performing company to invest in. To measure companys profitability, efficiency, liquidity and to know about its overall finance structure, the method of ratio analysis is used. It includes measurement for several categorized ratios to know about the different aspects of an organisation. They are classified as liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, activity ratios, efficiency ratios, and profitability ratios. To analyse the final accounts of both the companies, ratio analysis is done (Fraser, Ormiston and Fraser, 2010). Financial statements Microsoft Corporation Liquidity Ratios 2016 2017 Current ratio 2.352881716 2.477273079 Quick ratio 2.31495864 2.443473275 Working capital 80,303.0 95,324.0 These ratios are used to show how quickly a company can converts its assets into liquid form that is cash. There are two type of liquidity ratios named as current ratio and quick ratio (Zainudin and Hashim, 2016). Oracle Corporation Liquidity ratio 2016 2017 Current ratio 3.737389586 3.08193399 Quick ratio 3.725069735 3.069526015 Working capital 47,105.0 50,337.0 Current ratio: It is used to know about the amount of current liabilities in proportion to current assets. It also shows the capability of the company to meet its short term debts. 2:1 is considered an ideal ratio. Microsoft Corporation ratio has raised from 2016 to 2017 while there is a decrease in Oracles current ratio during 2016-2017. It clearly indicates that Microsoft has enough assets to pay off its liabilities in comparison with oracle because a large portion of its current assets comprises of cash and less is involved in inventory which enable it to make other investments with its assets and providing the investors a better view of the performance. Quick ratio: An acid test ratio used to measure potential of the company in paying its debts with se of most liquid assets like cash. It also means how quickly a company can convert its current assets into liquid form. 1:1 is treated as an ideal ratio. There is an increase in the quick ratio of Microsoft and a decrease in the ratio of Oracle. Both the companies have capability to pay off their short term debt with their quick assets but Microsoft can perform this task more efficiently as compare to Oracle. The reason being, it has high portion of liquid cash in comparison to its current liabilities, which can be easily used to pay them off (Saleem and Rehman, 2011). Efficiency ratios These ratios helps in analysing that in what manner company is utilising its resources. They indicate the potentiality of the company to use its assets and manage its liabilities in an effective and efficient manner. The efficiency ratios are: Debtors turnover ratio: It shows how well a company can collect the cash from its trade debtors. A high ratio states that debt collection of the company is efficient. Creditors turnover ratio: It evaluates that how frequently a company pay to its trade creditors. A high ratio means that the company is capable enough to pay back its account payables on a regular basis. Inventory turnover ratio: Efficient management of the inventory and the number of times a company sold its inventory during a year can be observed by this ratio. Assets turnover ratio: It a ratio between the revenues and the assets of the company. It shows the effective employment of the assets by the company to make or generate revenue. A higher ratio indicates better company performance. Microsoft Corporation Efficiency ratio 2016 2017 Debtor turnover ratio 4.725629778 Creditor turnover ratio 4.795772676 Inventory turnover ratio 15.46074007 Assets turnover ratio 0.413772483 Oracle Corporation Efficiency ratio 2016 2017 Receivable turnover ratio 7.061862424 Creditor turnover ratio 13.54306437 Inventory turnover ratio 29.17578125 Assets turnover ratio 0.305278532 The debtor turnover for Microsoft is 4.7 and for oracle, it is 7.06. As it has been said that a high account receivable ratio is more favourable for the company. Oracle has higher ratio as compare to Microsoft which means it collects its receivables more efficiently and regularly during the year. It can convert its debtors into cash faster than Microsoft and is able to pay its liabilities sooner (Jindal and Jain, 2017) Higher creditors turnover ratio proves to be good for the company. In comparison with Microsoft, Oracle has high payable turnover ratio of 13.54, which implies that it pay off to its creditors very frequently and also have a stable liquidity. This ratio is generally used by the creditors and from their point of view a company who can pay them back frequently and regularly is much better than the company who make delays in the payment. So in terms of this, Oracle is performing better than Microsoft. As compare to industry standards, companies prefer higher inventory turnover ratio. Comparatively, Microsoft has low ratio which means it has purchased more inventory and may lead to over stocking, whereas Oracles ratio shows that it has managed its inventory in a well-planned manner. Inventory ratio is important for the investors and having a high ratio tells the investor that the company is not buying the stock unnecessarily and is very effective in selling it (Barman and Sengupta, 2017). Asset turnover ratio of Microsoft is a little bit more than Oracle. It implies that Microsoft is good at generating its revenue by using its assets efficiently and also gives an indication to the investors that the company is managing its assets very well to develop sales. Profitability ratios Detail study of the financial accounts of a company to know about its profitability or in other words to have an idea about its ability to generate profits from its operations, is done with the help of Profitability ratios. These ratio give an overview of the companys profits being made during the fiscal year. Types of profitability ratios are net profit ratio, gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio and so on (Camilleri and Camilleri, 2017). Microsoft Corporation Profitability Ratios 2016 2017 Operating Profit Margin 0.246061885 0.282056698 Net Profit Margin 0.196882325 0.235730962 Return on Capital Employed 0.2 0.1 Return on Equity 0.233315277 0.292897201 Return on Total assets 0.086724421 0.087952017 Oracle Corporation Profitability Ratios 2016 2017 Operating Profit Margin 0.348449267 0.352920908 Net Profit Margin 0.240262369 0.247428965 Return on Capital Employed 0.1 0.1 Return on Equity 0.188225592 0.173319718 Return on Total assets 0.079345694 0.069152758 Operating Profit Ratio: This ratio shows how systematically a company can control its cost and make profits after meeting its all operating expenses. A higher ratio is more favourable as compare to a lower ratio. Calculation of this ratio gives a clear idea that operating margin of Oracle is more than Microsoft and it has also increased during the year. This means Oracle has enough capacity to make revenue from its operations and for investors, it is a good option to invest in as it makes the proper use of its ongoing operations to generate revenues. Net Profit Ratio: It is calculated to know about the profits earned by the company during a fiscal year. A high ratio indicates the proper and efficient management of businesss operations in order to raise profits from annual sales. As per the calculations done above, it can be seen that net profit margin of Microsoft Corporation has been increased from 19.68% to 23.57% whereas on the other side Oracles profit margin almost same as compare to the previous year which is 24.74%. Although, the profit percentage of Microsoft has risen during the year but it is less than that of Oracles margin. This clearly means Oracle Corporation has high profitability and is able to maintain its profits at an increased level during the fiscal year. Return on Capital Employed: It shows the effective utilisation of assets in long term financing. Investors generally prefer this ratio, as it provides them the information about companys effective and efficient use of its capital employed. As far as Microsoft is concerned, the ratio is 0.2 in 2016 and 0.1 in 2017 and on the other side ratio of Oracle is same during the year 2016-2017 that is 0.1, which implies that they have used its capital employed in an efficient manner and maintained a stability in their profits (Kartio, Mirza and Shaikh, 2017). Return on Equity: This ratio measures how well a company make use of its shareholders investment in generating profits. A higher return on equity is favourable for the company. In comparison to Oracle Corporation, return on equity of Microsoft is higher and has also increased during the year. This means that the company is performing better and investors can invest in it as they will get higher returns on their investment. Getting high and increasing returns is one of the factors, investors look for in a company (Penman, Reggiani, Richardson and Tuna, 2017). Return on Total assets ratio: It shows the efficient management of all assets to produce revenues. A higher ROA is good from investors view point. There is a slightest increase in the ROA of Microsoft while ROA of Oracle has decreased. It indicates that Microsoft is using its assets to make profits more effectively. It can easily convert its assets investment into revenues. A positive ROA generally shows the increasing trend of profits (Jenter and Lewellen, 2015). Capital structure ratio These are the ratios used to know about the capital structure of a company. They give an idea of the arrangement of funds for business operations. One of the capital ratio is debt-equity. Debt comprises of long term creditors, issuing of bond while equity means investment done by investors, earnings retained by the company. Microsoft Corporation Capital structure ratio 2016 2017 Debt- equity 1.690306541 2.33019311 Interest coverage ratio 16.88978278 11.41809181 Oracle Corporation Capital structure ratio 2016 2017 Debt- equity 1.37222187 1.506331229 Interest coverage ratio 8.799591002 7.405450501 Debt-Equity Ratio: It compares the companys total debt and total equity. It shows the proportion of company funds raised from debt and equity. A higher ratio indicates that the more funds are been raised through creditors as compare to investors so a lower ratio is more favourable (Levi and Segal, 2015). Microsofts debt equity ratio is higher than Oracle and has also raised during the year. It is riskier for the investors and creditors to invest in this corporation. Generally creditors does not prefer higher debt equity ratio as it gives them an indication that the portion of investment done by investors is less than that of done by them. Whereas oracle has more stable business and investors can invest in it. Interest Coverage Ratio: It gives an idea about the interest payments done by the company in a given period of time. Creditors generally used this to know about the risk taking factor of the business. A coverage ratio of more than 1 is always considered good. As compare to Microsoft, Oracles ratio is less while Microsoft has better coverage ratio and is capable of paying its interest payments time to time. Proper funds can be raised from creditors as they dont have to worry about their payments. Investors should also invest as the risk factor of Microsoft is low as compare to Oracle (Ferrarini, Hinojales and Scaramozzino, 2017). Conclusion As per the above analysis and interpretation, it can be concluded that the profitability and efficiency of Oracle Corporation is much better than Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft is good at maintaining its liquidity, return on equity and assets at an increased level as compare to Oracle. But doing the overall comparison of the financial performance of both the companies, it can be said that Oracle is performing better than Microsoft at all grounds and as investors always look for a company which has better profitability, efficiency and a good financial structure. Oracle is proved to be a good option for them in order to invest their money in it. References Penman, S.H., Reggiani, F., Richardson, S.A. and Tuna, A., 2017. A Framework for Identifying Accounting Characteristics for Asset Pricing Models, with an Evaluation of Book-To-Price. Barman, A.N. and Sengupta, P.P., 2017. DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY IN INDIAN TELECOM INDUSTRY USING FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS.International Journal of Research in Management Social Science, p.25. Camilleri, E. and Camilleri, R., 2017.Accounting for Financial Instruments: A Guide to Valuation and Risk Management. Taylor Francis. Ferrarini, B., Hinojales, M. and Scaramozzino, P., 2017. Leverage and Capital Structure Determinants of Chinese Listed Companies. Financials.morningstar.com. (2017).Balance Sheet for Microsoft Corp (MSFT) from Morningstar.com. [Online] Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/balance-sheet/bs.html?t=MSFTregion=usaculture=en-US [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Financials.morningstar.com. (2017).Income Statement for Oracle Corp (ORCL) from Morningstar.com. [Online] Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=ORCLregion=usaculture=en-US [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Fraser, L.M., Ormiston, A. and Fraser, L.M., 2010.Understanding financial statements. Pearson. Jenter, D. and Lewellen, K., 2015. CEO preferences and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2813-2852. Jindal, D. And Jain, S., 2017. Effect of Receivables Management on Profitability: A Study of Commercial Vehicle Industry in India.Management,2(2), pp.246-255. Kartio, M.A., Mirza, A. and Shaikh, F., 2017. Impact of Global Financial Crisis on the Performance of Commercial Banks of PakistanA Case Study of MCB Bank Limited. Levi, S. and Segal, B., 2015. The Impact of Debt-Equity Reporting Classifications on the Firm's Decision to Issue Hybrid Securities.European Accounting Review,24(4), pp.801-822. Microsoft.com. (2017).Microsoft - Official Home Page. [Online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-in [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Oracle.com. (2017).Oracle | Integrated Cloud Applications and Platform Services. [Online] Available at: https://www.oracle.com/index.html [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Saleem, Q. and Rehman, R.U., 2011. Impacts of liquidity ratios on profitability.Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business,1(7), pp.95-98. Vogel, H.L., 2014.Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. Zainudin, E.F., Zainudin, E.F., Hashim, H.A. and Hashim, H.A., 2016. Detecting fraudulent financial reporting using financial ratio.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,14(2), pp.266-278.

The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem

The book â€Å"A Brief Introduction to the New Testament† by Ehrman explains that the Christian canon was a result of many Christian debates on the correct teachings (6). These debates came about because there were many other writings by early Christians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, there was a group of non-canonical writings called the Apostolic Fathers, which was as authoritative as the canon itself. I see the debates about the Christian canon as a confirmation that early Christians held different views. Therefore, books of the New Testament express diverse views as these early Christians wrote them. The views that early Christians expressed in the canon related to their encounters during those times. That is why Ehrman, in his book, uses a historical approach to explain the New Testament as w ell as other early Christian works. As such, the New Testament is not just a book for Christians. Rather, it is a cultural relic and an anthology of early writings that has played a significant role in Western civilization. Therefore, I advice present-day Christians not to follow the New Testament blindly. Rather, they should interpret the contents of the New Testament in reference to historical contexts, or the circumstances that existed during the writing of the book. As Ehrman explains, the context of the New Testament was the Greco-Roman world (17). Religious beliefs and practices of the Greco-Romans did not fully agree with contemporary ideas of Christianity.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, most Greco-Roman religions lacked structured groups that managed worship and creedal declarations that affirmed the belief of followers. Unlike modern Christianity, most Greco-Roman religions emphasized on animal sacrifices and other actions that delighted the gods. The Greco-Roman religions did not emphasize on morality or life after death. The religions only focused on daily survival and protection of the empire, as there was no clear division between the church and the state. One example of the Greco-Roman religion was Judaism, which was the religion pursued by Joseph and other Jews. The Jews recognized presence of divine people who had a special relationship with God and could do miracles. Therefore, account s of Jesus healing the sick and calming the storm were logical to the Jews. Judaism also recognized that there existed some great men and semi gods, who connected men and gods. Therefore, the Jews, who followed Judaism, did not find it hard to understand the birth of Jesus, who would unite them with god. I think that explaining the birth of Jesus and that He is the son of God to some non-believers in the present world is quite hard consider ing that the idea of semi gods is nonexistence in the society today. Thus, as we interpret the New Testament, we should always refer to its context. I also think that even as we interpret the New Testament in its context, we should also remember the basic aim of early writings that later formed the New Testament was to spread the message that Jesus was the son of God and his death brought salvation to the earth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Ehrman explains, those who authored the New Testament did not have personal encounters with Jesus (45). Rather, they used oral traditions from earlier generations to create stories about Jesus. Obviously, some stories faced distortion, while others were original. Although some stories were personal creations, Ehrman informs as that all early Christian stories sought to convinc e new converts that Jesus was truly the son of God, and that the source of salvation (63). This means that Christians have a right to interpret the bible in whichever way they wish, as long as their interpretations support that Jesus is truly the son of God, and the only source of salvation. Ehrman explains the synoptic problem as the problems that arise because the first three books of the New Testament (Mathew, Luke and Mark) share some stories while others differ (59). He argues that some stories in these three books agree word by word and therefore, there is a possibility that these books originated from the same source. He also suggests that it is essential to explain for the differences in the documents and attempts to do so using the â€Å"Four Source Hypothesis† (Ehrman 60). According to this hypothesis, the three Gospels came from four different sources including â€Å"Mark, Q, M and L† (Ehrman 60). Mark was the earliest book and Mathew and Luke borrowed Chris tian material from Mark. Luke and Mathew also used Q as a common source of literature. Therefore, according to the hypothesis, Mark and Q explain the similarity found in the Gospels.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, M and L explain the differences found in the two Gospels. Luke used his own material labeled â€Å"L† to develop his literature, while Mathew used his personal material labeled â€Å"M†. Despite all these explanations, there is no one of them that fully accounts for the similarities and differences in the Gospels, from my perspective. However, I do not imply that these explanations are of no significance. The hypothesis shows that both oral and written traditions played a central role in formulating the Gospels. We must acknowledge this fact before evaluating other aspects of the hypothesis. Mark and Luke might have used both oral and written traditions to develop their pieces. However, I feel that the hypothesis left out that these authors had different levels of creativity and this contributed to formulation of different scriptures. The way an author organizes material, stresses certain aspects, explain issues using sayings and add interpretive com ments may affect the entire meaning of a written piece. The synoptic problem enables us to perceive the three authors of the New Testament as independent theologians who did not experience traditional influence, but who took time to interpret and organize material that became the New Testament. These authors took time to think about what they heard and they made comments about the same. Thus, they were not passive authors, but active authors who tried to align Gospel tradition with particular contexts and audience. The synoptic problem makes us to perceive the Gospels as living traditions and proofs of God’s work in the world that He gave unto us through God’s inspirations. Differences in the Gospels resemble the present-day Church. Although churches bear witness to the same God, different churches have different practices because of life’s diversity. For instance, churches differ in the way they practice baptism. While some churches baptize children, others rec ommend baptism for adults only. The three Gospels represent unity in diversity and encourage us to consider the New Testament in its own diversity, as well as from our own culture and diversity. Works Cited Ehrman, Bart D. A Brief Introduction to the New Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. 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Terrorism in the Modern world essays

Terrorism in the Modern world essays Terrorism. It is a word that strikes fear into many. Terrorism has been around since the beginning of time, and has caused empires to rise, fall, and allowed people to gain power. Terrorism is a growing problem in this unstable world. A simple act of terrorism can cause tensions to break between two countries, as seen with Israel and Palestine's conflicts due to religious beliefs and territory disputes. Among the various potential threats are wars with neighboring countries, missile attacks on cites, biological and chemical terrorism, suicide bombings, and hostage taking. In an April 1999 survey the most feared terrorism was bombings on US soil. (Cole, 1) There are many ways to combat terrorism. First, would be an international team that is always on call to respond to terrorist threats, and retrieve hostages with minimal loss of life. The second is gun control, which would limit the weapons accessed by potential terrorists. The last thing is to recognize terrorist organizations befo re they have a chance to attack. Terrorism has been around since the days of ancient Egypt. People have been killing leaders of countries to try and overthrow the government, and for the past one hundred and twenty years terrorists have had new weapons of mass destruction, such as bombs. Many political figures in the past were assassinated: King Tut in Egypt, who was poisoned and hit in the back of the head by a political rival, the members of the Roman Senate and Brutus, his best friend, killed Caesar. John Wilkes Booth, a southerner who was angry about the way the Civil War turned out assassinated Abraham Lincoln; and Lee Harvey Oswald killed John F. Kennedy. But terrorism in revealing itself in new forms in this modern world, such as massacres, hijackings, attacks on U.S troops, and hostage taking. But there is a difference between a criminal and a terrorist. A criminal is after money or drugs, while a terrorist is after the long-term disruption of ...